![]() ![]() In 1757 Swiss scientist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure made the first of several unsuccessful attempts on Mont Blanc in France. The Age of Enlightenment and the Romantic era marked a change of attitudes towards high mountains. The Enlightenment and the Golden Age of Alpinism Edward Whymper (1840–1911), painting by Lance Calkin The highest they are known for certain to have climbed is 6739 m at the summit of Volcan Llullaillaco. In the Andes, around the late 1400s and early 1500s many ascents were made of extremely high peaks by the Incas and their subjects. Ĭonrad Gessner, a mid-16th Century physician, botanist and naturalist from Switzerland, is widely recognized as being the first person to hike and climb for sheer pleasure. Because ropes, ladders and iron hooks were used, and because it was the first climb of any technical difficulty to be officially verified, this ascent is widely recognized as being the birth of mountaineering. A commonly cited example is the 1492 ascent of Mont Aiguille (2,085 m (6,841 ft)) by Antoine de Ville, a French military officer and lord of Domjulien and Beaupré. įor most of antiquity, climbing mountains was a practical or symbolic activity, usually undertaken for economic, political, or religious purposes. The famous poet Petrarch describes his 26 April 1336 ascent of Mount Ventoux (1,912 m (6,273 ft)) in one of his epistolae familiares, claiming to be inspired by Philip V of Macedon's ascent of Mount Haemo. Nonetheless, there are many documented examples of people climbing mountains prior to the formal development of the sport in the 19th century, although many of these stories are sometimes considered fictional or legendary. However, the highest mountains were rarely visited early on, and were often associated with supernatural or religious concepts. ![]() The remains of Ötzi, who lived in the 4th millennium BC, were found in a glacier in the Ötztal Alps. Humans have been present in mountains since prehistory. Mountaineering impacts communities on economic, political, social and cultural levels, often leading to changes in people's worldviews influenced by globalization, specifically foreign cultures and lifestyles. The consequences of mountaineering on the natural environment can be seen in terms of individual components of the environment (land relief, soil, vegetation, fauna, and landscape) and the location/zone of mountaineering activity (hiking, trekking, or climbing zone). A federation of alpine clubs, the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), is the International Olympic Committee-recognized world organization for mountaineering and climbing. Numerous local alpine clubs support mountaineers by hosting resources and social activities. Unlike most sports, mountaineering lacks widely applied formal rules, regulations, and governance mountaineers adhere to a large variety of techniques and philosophies when climbing mountains. Yet, in competitive mountaineering, the success rate of females is currently higher than that of males. Although women's participation in mountaineering has grown, the gender gap is still pronounced in terms of quantitative engagement in these forms of sport tourism. Mountaineering activity, involving such activities as mountain climbing and trekking, has traditionally been dominated by men. Indoor climbing, sport climbing, and bouldering are also considered variants of mountaineering by some, but are part of a wide group of mountain sports. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor climbing, skiing, and traversing via ferratas that have become sports in their own right. Mountaineering, mountain climbing, or alpinism, is a set of outdoor activities that involves ascending mountains. Mountain climbers ascending Mount Rainier looking at Little Tahoma Peak A climber taking the final few steps to the 6,160 m (20,210 ft) summit of Imja Tse (Island Peak) in Nepal, 2004 For other uses, see Mountaineer (disambiguation). ![]()
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